Medication for Autism and ADHD
Parents of children and teens with co-occurring ASD and ADHD report high levels of use of medication. However, research on psychopharmacological treatments is limited in both number and type.
Risperidone (Risperdal) and Aripiprazole (Abilify) are the only medications approved by the FDA to be used in children with autism to reduce aggression and irritability. Other drugs can be helpful.
Antipsychotics
Research on co-occurring ADHD symptoms and ASD is still insufficient, despite the growing interest. There are a variety of psychosocial treatment options that are available for each disorder, but few studies have characterized effectiveness of treatments in the context of co-occurring symptoms. A better understanding of how co-occurring psychiatric disorders develop and interplay over time will be important for informing both pharmacological and psychosocial approaches.
Many people suffering from ASD have ADHD as well as other mental illnesses like anxiety or depression. There are many psychosocial treatments for these disorders, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as interpersonal therapy and family therapy. These psychosocial therapies may be more effective than pharmacological treatment for certain people suffering from comorbid ADHD and ASD.
The use of non-drug therapies is usually recommended for the most fundamental ASD symptoms, including rigid thinking and ineffective social communication skills. These include behavioral training and peer support groups. In the case of comorbid ADHD and ASD symptoms such as aggression, irritability and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, medications can be helpful. Atypical antipsychotics do not improve the fundamental ASD symptoms and the evidence is at best weak.
Current theories suggest that the symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and ADHD are caused by abnormalities in neurotransmitter pathways. This is particularly ones that involve glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin.2 This changes impact mesocorticolimbic prefrontal cortex which is involved in the regulation of emotions and behavior control.
Certain of these disorders could be due to a decrease in brain activity in specific regions such as the striatum. To treat ADHD and ASD there are a variety of drugs that regulate dopamine and glutamate levels are being studied.
Different types are being studied for treatment of the comorbid ADHD symptoms and ASD, including risperidone as well as aripiprazole and domperidone. A consensus nomenclature is in the process of being developed for dopamine antagonists.
As with all medications it is not all patients respond similarly to antipsychotics. The most reliable data available on aripiprazole and risperidone in adults suffering from ASD and ADHD come from randomized controlled trials. These trials utilized parallel crossover and withdrawal plans. In general, the drugs perform better than placebo in reducing irritability and aggression and enhancing functioning. They are also generally tolerated. One-third of those who take these drugs will find that the drug is effective for the majority or all of their symptoms. The other two-thirds may only see partial improvement.
Stimulants
Despite the fact that non-medical treatment is usually recommended for autism, medication may be beneficial for some children and adults. Antipsychotic medications aid in reducing anxiety and reduce self-injurious behaviors; and stimulants like methylphenidate, which helps with ADHD symptoms, can enhance the ability to concentrate. The medication does not address the core autism-related behaviors such as repetitive and limited interest or difficulties in communicating. Many people, both adults and children, who have autism also suffer from mental health issues like depression, anxiety or mood disorders. These conditions can affect with daily functioning.
Irritability is a different issue for children and adults with autism. It can result in outbursts, self-injury and difficulty with transitions or adhering to routines. Risperdal (Risperdal) and aripiprazole (Abilify), are the only two medications that have been approved to treat autism-related anger. They are believed to work by altering dopamine, which is a brain system that is involved in emotion and decision-making.
Most commonly prescribed ADHD medication is methylphenidate, like Ritalin. It also includes mixed amphetamines salts which increase dopamine levels in the frontal brain lobes. Some studies suggest that these drugs are as effective for patients with autism and ADHD as they are in those who have pure ADHD However, other studies indicate that they are less helpful. Parents should consult their physician about whether the benefits of these drugs outweigh any possible side effects.
Some researchers believe that second line ADHD medications like atomoxetine and guanfacine, may be more effective in decreasing ADHD symptoms among people with autism. These medications are thought to work by interfering with the dopamine-norepinephrine system that is associated with motivation and mood.
The therapist and psychiatrist for Connor are trying to help him develop social skills and help him manage his fears. Even with these treatments, hyperactivity and inattention may continue to hinder his development. Therefore, his family decided to take an ADHD medication to help him focus.
After three months, he's more focused at school and in his daily activities. His parents can see that he is more attentive and attentive to what others say and participates in group activities. His mother says the medication has saved her life.
Benzodiazepines
The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that reduce the central nervous system, resulting in an euphoria and calm mood. These are used to treat a broad range of ailments, including anxiety disorders, seizures and insomnia. They target specific GABA receptors (gamma aminobutyric acid) which is a neurotransmitter that inhibits brainwaves and communication between neurons. By keeping GABA receptors open for longer, and allowing them to be opened more frequently, benzodiazepines increase inhibition and stop the overactivity of excitatory neurons. The theory is that the most prominent features of autism are due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmissions in the brain. Animal models support this theory by demonstrating that clonazepam reverses some autistic behaviors in mice with Dravet syndrome, a form of epilepsy.
Anxiety is a frequent co-occurring condition among people with autism spectrum disorder. In some cases anxiety is the reason for self-injurious or aggressive behavior. In other cases, it's a response to sensory issues that can make life difficult and trigger anxious feelings.
Treatment choices include antidepressants, which are thought to improve self-esteem and coping abilities by increasing the level of the chemical norepinephrine within the brain. They also lower the reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, which reduces irritability and anxiety. Atypical antipsychotics like risperidone and aripiprazole can assist people with autism who suffer from aggression, irritability and Tourette syndrome.
Melatonin can increase the duration and quality of sleep for adults suffering from ASD. However, studies that have been controlled are lacking in this population. Methylphenidate is effective in treating ADHD symptoms in children suffering from ASD, but it's not as efficient as it is for typically developing kids.
Treatments for autism and ADHD can be dangerous when not used correctly. The most important thing is to consult with your physician to determine the right dosage and medication for your child or teen. Always adhere to the instructions on the label of the medication. Do not abruptly stop or commence taking your medication. This could be dangerous. If you suspect that you or someone you know has taken too much, seek medical attention immediately. Keep track of your child's weight and height on a regular basis as well as their menstrual cycle to ensure that the medication doesn't cause unwanted adverse side effects.
Medication Options
Many children with autism have ADHD and it's common for these two conditions to coexist. Medication is often part of the treatment plan for both. The most popular ADHD medications -- methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, Strattera, and guanfacine are also used to treat the impulsivity and hyperactivity of autism.
A few children with autism have severe irritability or aggression. These signs can be difficult for parents to manage using only behavior-based strategies. Abilify and Risperdal are medications that decrease aggression, aggression and self-injury. They affect the neurotransmitter dopamine. These medications have not been approved by the FDA to be used with children with autism. However, they are sometimes prescribed 'off-label' to treat specific symptoms.
It is essential for parents to discuss with their pediatricians whether medication is appropriate for their child. Several studies show that kids who are on ADHD medication for autism that coexists can have an improved quality of life at home and at school and can make significant academic, behavioral and social progress.
Psychiatrists have been trained to help children with the symptoms of ADHD and autism. They can recommend behaviorally oriented parenting training that involves manual and group-based programs that help parents develop skills to reduce disruptive behavior. They also offer psychosocial therapies that are focused on improving communication and relationships between the family members.
However, some families prefer using medication to control their child's behavior. Some parents find that antipsychotics can have a calming effect on their child, which can reduce irritability and aggression.
most effective adhd medication for adults to the above the majority of children who suffer from autism also have mental health issues that hinders their ability to learn and function, such as anxiety or depression. These disorders often co-occur and can interfere with therapy effectiveness. For these children, a combination of cognitive therapy and medication may be beneficial. This approach is especially helpful for children who have an extreme form of autism, or those who do not respond to other treatments.